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Zygmunt Lech Warsza, Marian Jerzy Korczynski, Maryna Galovska
SHIFTED UP COSINE FUNCTION AS MODEL OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

The shifted up one period of cosine function with field under it normalized to 1 is proposed to be use as the unconventional model of probability density function (PDF). It could also approximate Normal probability distribution in the range ± 2.5 standard deviation with accuracy of about ±0.02, which is fully acceptable in the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. In this paper the properties of the above cosine based PDF are considered. The possibility of its applications in the routine data assessment and in virtual instruments with automatic uncertainty calculations is recommended.

Beata Palczynska, Jacek Wyszkowski
ANALYSIS OF TIME-VARYING LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC-FIELD EMITTED FROM THE SHIP’S INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR

This paper focuses on the analysis of low-frequency magnetic-field emissions (MFEs) in ship's environment, in reference to admissible levels for exposures to time-varying electromagnetic field (EMF), proposed by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). It concerns the special case of simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, when a summation formula (from ICNIRP guidelines) has been applied. Due to a time-varying behavior of the sinusoidal components of the magnetic flux density (MFD), the time-frequency analysis based on the short–time Fourier transform (STFT) was performed. The level of the magnetic field intensity was evaluated, in reference to the standard for occupational environments, which takes into account the people's protection against the excessive emission of the low-frequency magnetic field. The selected results of the off-line analysis of the recorded magnetic flux density near by the ship's inverter-fed induction motor are presented.

Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Bernd Siebert, Anna-Lisa Hauswaldt
NOVEL AND ESTABLISHED CONCEPTS FOR CONSIDERING CORRELATION IN UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION

Modern uncertainty evaluation is based on both the knowledge about the measuring process and the input quantities contributing to the measurement result. Very often, two or more of the input quantities are not independent from each other. The combined uncertainty can be enhanced or decreased by such correlation. In everyday practice, however, correlation is often ignored since the relevant uncertainty documents do not provide ready-for-use procedures for proper treatment of correlation. The paper provides practical techniques for identifying and quantifying correlation in measurements. Starting from a systematic modelling procedure, a concept is presented that allows to easily include correlation in the measurement model and to properly estimate correlation coefficients or correlated fractions of the related input quantities either from existing (statistical) data or from other (non-statistical, logical) knowledge. Three possible ways to take correlation into consideration when evaluating measurement uncertainty are described and discussed.

Dietrich Hofmann, Gerhard Linss, Olaf Kuehn
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE IN MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The main purpose of the paper is to present the new convenient, reliable and affordable possibilities of the Internet to use software as a service for the solution of complex measurement problems in quality control. The focal point is directed on innovative vision sensor systems for fast, contactless and non-destructive measurements of dimensions and colours. For these systems new developed intuitive see & click programming instructions will be introduced and explained. During the oral presentation of the paper a hands-on application of vision sensors for quality inspections with software as a service (SaaS) will be demonstrated.

Pablo Juan-García, Josep M. Torrents
MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE IN MORTAR USING A COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE

Increasingly more non-destructive testing methods are being developed in a civil engineering context, but many of them cannot be applied when only one surface of the structure can be accessed. In order to measure moisture level in such concrete structures as dams or tunnels, a coplanar line was designed, capable to measure the permittivity evolution as well as the loss factor. Measurements on salinity of water and setting of mortar were performed, showing a dependence on physical magnitudes of interest with the electrical parameters measured.

Septimiu Crisan, Valentin Dan Zaharia, Leonard Voicu Brender, Titus Eduard Crisan
A MULTI-TOUCH COLLABORATIVE SOLUTION FOR MEASUREMENT DATA VISUALISATION

Multi-touch devices and their applications are one of the newest trends in human interaction research. While this approach has been envisioned more than 20 years ago, advances in computational power and display resolution have allowed the implementation of impressive hardware devices with virtually unlimited tracking capabilities. A large number of eye-catching applications have been implemented around the world but there is a clear need for practical engineering applications in order to allow this technology to become appealing even for industrial and academic purposes. This paper tries to address this issue by proposing a complete hardware and software solution for multi-touch multi-user data visualisation. A new interface for analysing measurement data as well as manipulating virtual instruments has been created in the belief that it will help students and researchers alike.

L. Skrzypczak, Domenico Grimaldi, R. Rak
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIGBEE AND SIMPLICITI MODULES TO USE IN MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

The main goal of this paper is to experimental examine some of the properties of two different wireless communication modules, ZigBee and SimpliciTI, which are employing two different transmission standards. This paper is a part of wider research aimed to examine and evaluate the different wireless transmission standards to use in distributed measurement systems.

David Sarriá, Joaquín del Río, Antoni Mànuel, Xavier Roset, Jacopo Aguzzi, Francesc Sardà
A NEW TRACKING SYSTEM TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPECIES

A tracking system with RFID technology has been developed to measure the activity and behaviour of species in laboratory. It consists of different controllers which handle different RFID antennas. The controllers send the data received from its antennas to a host computer that computes the tracking of the different individuals. The system has a tracking resolution of centimetres and was specifically designed to respond in hostile environments and to allow an easy configuration and expansion.

Pekka Kumpulainen, Mikko Kylväjä, Kimmo Hätönen
IMPORTANCE OF SCALING IN UNSUPERVISED DISTANCE-BASED ANOMALY DETECTION

One of the key applications in mobile network monitoring is to detect anomalous phenomena in the network. Distance-based methods are commonly used in unsupervised anomaly detection. The results are dependent on the distance metrics used and the scaling of the variables. In many cases very simple methods can provide sufficient performance if the variables have been scaled properly. In this paper we discuss the importance of scaling in distance-based methods and the possibility to incorporate a priori knowledge of the relative importance of the variables by scaling. We present an example of a priori scaling on performance data measured from the radio interface in a mobile telecommunication network. The results are compared to those obtained by using traditional normalization.

Marjanen Kalle, Ojala Petteri, Mäkinen Martti
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCES OF LOG ENDS FOR CAMERA BASED ANNUAL RING WIDTH MEASURMENTS

The wood quality measurement methods are of increasing importance in the wood industry. One of the main goals of the wood industry is to produce new high quality products with higher marketing value. The wood strength and stiffness are significant factors considering wooden products. These factors are related to the wood species, to the number and type of knots and to the mean annual ring width and its deviation to name a few. The logs can be measured and imaged in the forest machinery and thus the measurement based decisions can be made as early as possible on the production chain. This paper focuses on an aspect of the annual ring width estimation from the images taken in forest machinery. The focus is on the spectral reflectance of the log ends for optimal annual ring visibility. The average spectral reflectance of the log end does not indicate how well the annual rings are visible. Therefore a more sophisticated analysis of the annual ring visibility is performed to four tree species based on the two-dimensional spatial spectral analysis.

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