Erica Sonaglia, Maria Paola Bracciale, Maria Laura Santarelli
Recycled bacterial nanocellulose membranes as novel green gels for the cleaning of cultural heritage surfaces

The removal of extraneous materials without changing artifacts original properties and appearance is a crucial aspect in the cleaning of cultural heritage. In this scenario, gels proved to be useful thanks to solvent retention and its controlled release on surfaces. In the past, synthetic polymer-derived gels attracted interest thanks to their good performance. However, in recent years, nanotechnologies and green chemical approaches have created great interest also in restoration and conservation applications. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility to use bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) as a green gel material in cleaning operations. Recycled BNC, a by-product from the fermented beverage Kombucha, is used, which represents an innovative application. Purified by-products are investigated by means of different analytical techniques to characterize the chemical structure, crystallinity, microstructure, thermal behaviour, tensile behaviour, water retention capacity (WRC) and organic solvent retention capacity (OSRC). Materials show good mechanical behaviour, diffuse nanodimension and high WRC and OSRC. A selected BNC gel is used in tests on the removal of wax, one of the most widespread deposits of dirt on different surfaces. The experiment demonstrates cleaning efficiency for removing beeswax after one hour and a weak removal of microcrystalline wax, showing BNC s potentiality as a bio-based, bio-degradable and renewable gel.

Joel Aldrighettoni, Barbara Marana, Maria Grazia D'Urso
War-scapes testimonial gradient: a multi-criteria approach as a proactive tool for choosing future practices of enhancement

The vastness of the material permanences of the Great War within contemporary landscapes imposes on the stakeholders that want to take care of them the need to identify new operational tools capable to calibrate a map of intervention priorities. This contribution presents the elaboration of a methodological approach capable of dealing with the complexity of this fragile heritage through a knowledge-based skeleton useful for comparing different territorial areas by assigning them different testimonial gradients with respect to the level of knowledge of specific pre-established indicators. Thanks to a multi-criteria analysis matrix based on analytical-hierarchical processes (AHP) weights and quantities are assigned to the indicators and sub-indicators under analysis thus highlighting, for each analyzed area potentialities and criticalities that become indispensable for planning future enhancement interventions. This paper presents the application of this innovative approach on the permanences of three fortified systems on the Vezzena Plateau in Trentino (Italy), along what, a hundred years ago, was the former first border line between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This study case was sponsored by the Superintendency of the Autonomous Province of Trento that needed an analytical tool to identify on which of these three areas, currently in a state of neglect and degradation, to program future conservation and enhancement plans.

Alessandro Spadaro, Filiberto Chiabrando, Lorenzo Teppati Losé
3D metric Survey of the Mezzagnone Arab bath. From point clouds to 2D drawings and parametric model

The presented work reports the results of a multiscale and multi-sensors 3D metric survey achieved on the Arab Bath of Mezzagnone, an archaeological site in Sicily (Italy). Aerial and terrestrial techniques were combined to obtain detailed documentation of the selected asset and to explore the latest advancements in the archaeologicalheritage documentation domain. Specifically, the integration of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) photogrammetry using both nadir and oblique acquisitions, along with Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology, was used for detailed documentation of the whole site.The aim of the research consists in obtaining a basis for documentation, study, restoration projects, and public promotion through the creation of a 3D model of the site, traditional 2D drawings, digital orthoimages, and a parametric model of the studied object. In the work, the followed pipeline from data acquisition to the final results will be described with the evaluation and validation of the achieved accuracy.

Noemi Orazi, Eva Pietroni, Fulvio Mercuri, Daniele Ferdani, Enzo D'Annibale, Giovanni Caruso, Diego Ronchi, Stefano Paoloni, Ugo Zammit
Thermal texturing for ancient codices 4D exploration

In this work the main results obtained in the framework of the Codex 4D project have been presented and discussed. In particular, pulsed thermography (PT) and RGB photogrammetry have been combined to obtain a 4D virtual representation of some ancient codes. The aim is to facilitate the end-user experience, giving the possibility to explore subsurface elements, detected by PT, in a 3D virtual model.

Elodie Granget, Ocson Reginald Cocen, Mahdieh Shakoorioskooie, Zhan Qianru, Marian Nida Lumongsod-Thompson, Anders Kaestner, David Mannes, Laura Brambilla
Development of a Quantitative Multimodal Imaging Technique for In-situ Study of Iron Archaeological Artefacts

This paper presents the methodology and preliminary results of the SNSF Sinergia project CORINT. The project aims to elucidate the corrosion phenomena of iron objects in various porous media, in particular iron archaeological artefacts (IAAs) in soil. A multimodal quantitative imaging technique, combining neutron and X-ray computed tomography (NX-CT), is being developed to study corrosion processes non-destructively. The methodology involves the registration and fusion of neutron and X-ray tomogram data (i.e., using a bivariate histogram), followed by segmentation using Gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering. Two IAAs, with sample names Vrac C and BdC1, were imaged. Random cross-sections of these samples were also analyzed using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM-EDS to characterize and cross-correlate the corrosion layers with the NX-CT results. This research provides insights into the corrosion state of IAAs and offers a non-destructive approach to studying corrosion processes in porous media. This will bring benefits to cultural heritage preservation, and to the study of the long-term corrosion behaviors of modern iron structures, steel in concrete, and nuclear waste disposal plans.