A new control- and feedback-control-system for Force and Torque Standard Machines was developed in order to fulfil metrological and functional requirements. Different functionalities were programmed as independent modules, e.g. software modules for deadweight machines with sequential or exchange stack can be linked with modules for lever or hydraulic amplification. During the realisation of the concept, a strict requirement was that the application of the control system is possible to older, existing Standard Machines as well as to new Standard Machines, in order to allow retro-fits and upgrades. New features of the user interface allow easy connection of external devices like temperature chambers and the implementation of their functions in a calibration process without changing the software.
This paper outlines the concept of the system and gives details of how it was developed to become a universally applicable part in the GTM range of machines. Furthermore, some successful examples are given where more operational reliability and for this reason more measurement certainty has been reached by fitting the new system to older Standard Machines in the process of an upgrade.

In the strict sense, traceability of torque measurement with rotating torque transducers is given only for non-rotating operation. The presented study examines in how far such proof of traceability is valid also for rotating operation. The method of investigation is a comparison of simultaneous measurements of torque in a rotating shaft train. These consist of measurements with a rotating torque transducer on the one hand and measurements with a cradlemounted absorption dynamometer on the other hand.

The investigation of the roll brake testers used testing for trucks has been made during year 2002. There have been developed a test trail, reported in TC-3 Congress Celle 2002. The aim of this investigation was to get information about real measurement capability of the roll brake testers used in inspection of the trucks for Finnish authority (The Finnish Vehicle Administration AKE). The usually way to calibrate roll brake tester has been to generate the reference force direct against of the force measurement transducer. This calibration does neither take in to account the mechanical construction of the rollers nor the diameters of them or the dynamic behaviour of the measurement. The investigation gives the information over practical uncertainty of the roll brake tester. The used comparing method has been static with the reference transducer as well quasistatic by the test trail, which makes the control of roll brake testers with the speed of normal use of a roll brake tester, about 3 km/h.

This contribution deals with possible reasons for the non-linear behaviour of piezoelectric force transducers, previously unknown.
Possible reasons are interactions between isotropic elements such as force introduction and the anisotropic piezoelectric sensor element, geometrical non-linearities of the force transducer and non-linearities of the piezoelectric material.
This paper discusses the influence of geometrical nonlinearities. A theory for analytical modelling of piezoelectric force transducers is developed and presented.

Many mechanical quantities in metrology are affected by the local gravity. Modern gravimetric methods allow to determine the local gravity value with sufficient accuracy, but the effort is still time consuming and expensive. An interpolation within available gravity databases mostly does not suffice because of an inadequate data density compared with the heterogeneous field. This study gives a short overview of today’s most important representations of the physical gravity field. The classical methods will be introduced from the perspective of the usability in metrology and compared to some strategies in synthetic gravity modeling.