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I. Jablonski
The Network Paradigmas a Method and Tool for Complex System Measurement – A Case Study for Environmental Object

Network science is strictly connected to the problems of complex systems, which is also the challenge for modern metrology. The paper points at the common issues within these two domains (network science and metrology), highlights the facts on the inclusion of the former by the later one, and discusses the consequences of such proceeding on measurement of complex systems and metrology, in general. Environmental object of the energy efficient smart house is used for such formulated task as it represent a multilevel and multiscale intricate organization proper for verification of original contributions in a domain of complex system characterization.

R. Morello
Passive Thermography for Monitoring Polluting Processes

In this paper, passive thermography is proposed as a non-contact method to detect leakages or production of harmful and polluting gases. This technique can be used for a wide range of applications concerning the environmental monitoring. Infrared imaging allows to detect in real-time harmful and invisible gases such as methane, sulphur hexafluoride, ethylene, ammonia, carbon monoxide so to prevent hazards or explosions. By a spectral analysis of the heat radiation of the target into the infrared spectrum range, it is possible to characterize the presence of specific gasses or volatile compounds. In detail, spectral filters allow thermal infrared cameras to detect gas molecules radiating or absorbing radiation in a narrow infrared range. According to the spectral range of the gas, it is possible to build an appropriate selecting filter.

P. Filianoti
Pulsating Flow Discharge Measurements Inside a Wave Energy Converter at Sea

This paper describes an original technique adopted for measuring the water discharge flowing inside a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) device. The investigated system represents a small scale model of a plant belonging to the family of Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs). Measuring the pulsating water discharge through the plant is necessary for calculating the absorbed wave energy. Conventional measurements techniques are not applicable to this case, due to the large size of WEC conduits and the harsh operational environment.
The technique adopted to measure the pulsating water discharge inside the WEC is based on the estimation of particle acceleration inside the water column, starting from simultaneous pressure measurements along the streamline. The effectiveness of the method is checked by measuring the instantaneous position of the air-water interface inside the plenum.

A. Pozzebon, T. Addabbo, A. Fort, M. Mugnaini, E. Panzardi, V. Vignoli
A Low Cost Distributed Measurement Systems Based on Hall Effect Sensors for Structural Crack Monitoring in Monumental Architecture

In this paper the authors discuss a low-cost distributed monitoring system for structural crack monitoring in monumental architectures. The proposed solution is suitable to monitor widely extended areas like the Siena’s ancient city walls. The prototype sensing system, based on Hall sensor technology, has been designed to reach a displacement resolution in the order of tens of micrometers. The distributed measures are transmitted using a wireless communication network, based on a mesh topology, to a server receiving, collecting, post-processing and storing the data in a database.

G. Dinardo, L. Fabbiano, G. Vacca, A. Lay-Ekuakille
Flow Evaluation from the Energy of Pipe Wall Vibrations

The leading idea of this work, is to propose a simpler and intuitive mean for evaluating the stationary flow rate in a pipe, through the measurements of vibrations transmitted by the flow to the pipe wall thanks to its turbulent regime. To achieve the target, the authors introduce the RMS value of the pipe oscillation modes, starting from the observation that the intensity of the pipe vibrations depends on the energy content of the signal, in its turn linked to the flow rate measurement. As this statistical parameter can be assumed as an energy level indicator of the whole signal acquired from the pipe vibration, it results linked to the flow rate responsible of that phenomenon. After verifying that the vibrational signal under investigation is a stationary stochastic process, the RMS value can easily and fast provide the value of the flow rate running in a pipe, without worrying too much about the noise associated to the measurement, once the pipe has been characterized.

R. Morello, C. De Capua
Thermography for Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Conservation State of Archeological Discoveries

The present paper discusses about the use of active thermography to assess the conservation state of archaeological discoveries and historic sites. The preservation of historical and archaeological heritage is today an open issue due to the amount of sites and to the costs of the current methodologies and technologies used. As a consequence, interventions are made only when a deterioration process is in progress. The use of non-invasive techniques is essential for such kind of applications in order to not compromise the integrity of the find. Thermography is a contactless measurement technique able to monitor thermal response of any object even during dynamical conditions. Its basic principle allows to evaluate the presence of humidity, cracks, variation of thickness, structural integrity, exposition to heat sources, previous restoration works not visible at naked eye. Therefore, this technique can be used to evaluate the integrity of buildings, statues, paintings, artifacts, etc…
The paper aims to describe how this technique is used to diagnose, monitor and preserve the conservation state of archaeological discoveries, sites and ruins. The considered application case concerns the Riace Bronzes, two bronze statues of the first half of the V century B.C. preserved in the National Museum of Magna Græcia, Reggio Calabria, Italy.

A. Lay-Ekuakille, G. Griffo, S. Maggi, G. Passarella, E. Barca
Environmental Monitoring of Sea: Optical Fiber Sensor Design

Major concerns arise about marine pollution due to human and industrial activities. The quality of sensing system response depends upon the materials used to realize sensors. There are different techniques used for the purposes of this kind of research that makes easier to reveal main parameters such as: temperature, salinity, waiving, wind, chlorophyll, oxygen, depth, etc. The paper presents an optical fiber sensor design using nanotechnology. The sensor will be used on floating buoys for autonomous marine detection. The sensor principle is based on photo-chromatography and to be realized using a waveguide for conducting light for multimodal approach.

E. D. Chirizzi, D. Cesari, M. R. Guascito, A. Dinoi, L. Giotta, A. Donateo, D. Contini
Characterization of the Oxidative Potential of Water Soluble Fraction of Atmospheric Aerosol and its Correlation with Carbon Concentrations

This paper describes the evaluation of the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosol, for the PM 2.5 and PM 10 size fractions, using the DTT assay. This is an indicator related with oxidative stress of particulate matter (PM) leading to potential health effects. Measured DTT activity has been correlated with aerosol concentrations and with the content of carbonaceous species on collected samples. The oxidative potential of PM associated to natural sources during Saharan Dust and sea-spray advection events is investigated and compared with non-event days.

T. Lo Feudo, D. Gulli, I. Ammoscato, R. Calaudi, A. Marinoni, P. Cristofanelli, P. Bonasoni, C. R. Calidonna
Preliminary Analysis of Aerosols Optical Properties at the Coastal Site Lamezia Terme, in Central Mediterranean Area, Integrating Different Data Set

Atmospheric aerosol particles are playing a major role in the global warming and climate change IPCC (2013). In fact, they affect the Earth’s radiative balance directly by absorbing and scattering solar radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation. In order to characterize the aerosol optical properties in the Mediterranean Basin, through observations carried out on the west coast of South Italy (Calabria Region, Italy), one year of light-scattering and absorption coefficient measurements are investigated. In this paper we present the first year of observations performed at the new CNR regional GAW-WMO station of Lamezia Terme (38.88 N, 16.24 W, 6 m a.s.l.). The annual variation and diurnal evolution of: total scattering coefficient (Sc), back scatter coefficient (BSc), Ångström exponent (Å), backscatter ratio (b), absorption coefficient - equivalent black carbon concentration (BC) and single scattering albedo (SSA) are presented. The average values over the period analyzed are respectively: Sc = 37 ± 16 Mm-1 (λ = 550 nm), BSc = 5 ± 2 Mm-1 (λ = 550 nm), Å = 1.5 ± 0.2 (700 nm / 550 nm) b = 0.15 ± 0.04 (λ = 550 nm) and SSA = 0.93 ± 0.06 (λ = 637 nm). The influence of meteorological parameters on the aerosol scattering properties are also analyzed. Decreases in SSA are observed with the occurrence of easterly wind, the sector characterized by local pollutant sources and during hours of the increased traffic density. In this study significant correlation coefficients are found between different aerosol optical properties.

E. Barca, D. E. Bruno, A. Lay-Ekuakille, S. Maggi, G. Passarella
Optimal Resizing of Groundwater Monitoring Networks: a Retrospective Analysis of a Reduced Configuration

The redesign of environmental monitoring networks is a field rich of practical applications, in particular in light of recent EU environmental directives. When dealing with an existing monitoring network reduction, the easiest approach is to search for redundancies among the monitoring locations (clusters of locations) and to remove the most useless of them on the basis of the values of some quantitative parameter. This approach could lose some important features of the existing network, thus reducing its informative content. To avoid such a risk, the results of the network optimization should undergo a retrospective analysis capable to verify, by assessing some independent statistical indices, the acceptability of the reduced configuration with respect to specific managerial issues. The case study presented in this work focuses on the optimal downsizing of a groundwater monitoring network located in the Southern part of Italy. The MSANOS optimization software has been used to select the locations to remove from the existing network, with the goal to sustainably balance maintenance costs and information loss. The investigated case is of particular interest for both the critical issues of the considered resource and the recognized importance of the groundwater monitoring in the European Water Framework Directive.

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