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Wojciech Plowucha, Wladyslaw Jakubiec
PROPOSAL FOR UPDATES IN THE GPS STANDARDS CONCERNING COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS UNCERTAINTY

The paper presents arguments for and proposals of changes in the series of standards ISO 15530. In particular, authors propose to change the classification of themethods of uncertainty evaluation, change the title of the ISO 15530-4 and make changes that will facilitate the use of these standards to industrial employees. In authors’ opinion the classification of the uncertainty evaluation methods for coordinate measurements should be based on the models given in ISO 14253-2 and GUM, i.e. the terms of “black box” and “transparent box” as well as type A and B methods. Authors think that both methods included in ISO 15530-3 and ISO/TS 15530-4 are type A evaluation methods. The measurement model for the evaluation described in the part 3 is classic black box model and the method concerned in part 4 – the transparent box model. The analytical methodology developed by authors (EMU-CMMUncertainty TM software) is accounted as type B evaluation and transparent box model. The reasons of lack of interests for the evaluation method with use of calibrated workpiece are presented. Some simplifications to the procedure aswell as extensions to the descriptive part are proposed. It’s pointed out that all methods are “task-specific” and all use the uncertainty budget. It is brought to attention thatthe part 4 applies not only to the simulation but to all methods for which a computer software is provided therefore a proper title change is proposed for this part.

Mariusz R. Rzasa
MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS OF THE MOVING GAS BUBBLES WITH THE IMAGE TOMOGRAPH

The paper presents an idea of a new measuring method based on image tomography. This method insists in registration of images of the moving bubbles from two perpendicular directions. Two images are used for determination of the center of mass, movement trajectory and local velocities. Volume and area of the bubble are defined by approximation of the bubble shapes by the known geometric figures. The paper also presents the algorithm of reconstruction of the bubble shapes and movement trajectories, as well as exemplary test results. The obtained results were compared with theoretical relationships published in literature.

Leon Maglic, Ivan Samardžic, Antun Stoic
ANALYSIS OF NONCONFORMITIES AT QUALITY AUDITS

This paper deals with implementation of requirements of standard ISO 9001. Quality management systems in accordance with requirements of standard ISO 9001 are implemented and accepted in broad number of companies in Croatia. First organizations that implemented these requirements were production companies from industry. Authors investigate differences at implementing requirements of standard ISO 9001 at organizations dealing with different kind of production companies. Using statistical tests, requirements of quality management system are determined, which have significant number of nonconformities at monitored organizations. Data are obtained from actual internal and external quality audits at Croatian factories. Analysis of internal and external quality audits results was used to determine those quality management system requirements that were difficult to implement. Investigation includes 25 Croatian companies, with different scopes of activity, number of employees and type of ownership. Quality management systems of these companies were monitored in detail for four years. Internal audit reports were collected from companies, and author himself performed external audits at companies that were included in this investigation. Findings of more than one hundred quality audits are included. These data are analysed to determine influential parameters to occurring of nonconformities at quality management systems. Nonconformities that were issued at audits are presented according to requirements of standard ISO 9001.

Jordan Mezyk, Szymon Kowieski
THE APPLICATION OF THERMAL IMAGING METHOD FOR MONITORING THE FSW PROCESSES

The article presents the authors’ method for monitoring the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processes with use of thermal imaging camera. The FSW method is a modern and still not very common method for joining materials by mixing them after plasticizing with a special tool and allows the combination of non-welding and difficult to weld materials, including combining different (dissimilar) materials. FSW method is a new method and there still are few tools to assess the quality of the process, especially on-line, that is in the making of the weld.
The authors propose a new method for on-line monitoring of the FSW processes using hybrid vision method, that is acquisition of the image of the weld with the use of a thermal imaging camera and visual band camera. The paper presents selected preliminary results of research carried out using only infrared imaging channel. Recordings were made of the welding process for different values of rotary and linear velocities of the tool. With variable parameters of velocity one can obtain weld of different quality: both normal welds and non-compliant welds. The defects included excessive burrs, discontinuities, uneven edge of the weld and others. The recorded thermal images allow identification of weld defects and non-compliances during the process. The use of a thermal imaging camera also allows detection of subsurface defects. The obtained results indicate its potential practical application.

Zhi Li, Uwe Brand, Radovan Popadic
IN-SITU TRACEABLE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEPTH SENSING SYSTEM OF A NANOINDENTATION INSTRUMENT

Nanoindentation testing has proven to be effective for the determination of the mechanical properties of small structures. Accurate material measurements demand that nanoindentation instruments, especially their depth sensing system, be carefully calibrated.
Here a homodyne laser interferometer is realized for insitu investigation of the displacement measuring performance of a commercial nanoindentation instrument. By means of real-time inspection of the axial movement of a spherical indenter mounted on the transducer of the nanoindentation instrument, the developed laser interferometer is capable of traceable calibration of the instrument’s depth sensing system with nanometric resolution, whilst needing no additional measurement mirror.
Preliminary experimental results reveal that the nanoindentation instrument under calibration demonstrates adequate linearity within a limited measurement range. The interferometric calibration efforts will help to improve the measurement accuracy not only of conventional mechanical properties like Young’s modulus and hardness, but also for the time constant and the complex modulus of viscous materials.

Robert Kupiec, Rafal Dubno, Jerzy Sladek
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF A LASER TRACKER SYSTEM

Choosing the right laser tracker system for large-scale metrology is not easy. Currently on the market there are several manufacturers of laser tracker systems, such as: Leica, Faro, API and Nikon. What is new is the Etalon LaserTracer. They differ in terms of construction, application and also the accuracy of the system. What is more there is no one common international standard for the evaluation of their accuracy. The international standard is currently under preparation. So the accuracy of laser tracker systems are provided in a many different way by manufacturers. Therefore, there is a need to determine as soon as possible a common method for testing laser tracker systems.
One of the possibilities for testing the accuracy of laser trackers is test according to ISO 10360-2:2009 and ISO 10360-5:2010. These standards allow to evaluate the error of indication of calibrated test length and errors of a probing system. Unfortunately, these standards do not fully take into account the characteristics of coordinate measuring systems such as laser trackers. Therefore it is necessary to adapt their to test the performance of laser trackers.
The paper presents the method for testing the performance of laser tracker systems according to ISO 10360-2:2009 and ISO 10360-5:2010 to fully fit laser trackers requirements. For test API laser tracker with two standards (calibrated standard of length and calibrated sphere) was used. The paper shows the measurement method, the results of the measurements and the conclusions of the study.

Mehmet Cakmakci, Numan M. Durakbasa, Mahmut Kemal Karasu, Gokcen Bas
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY ENGINEERING AND TAGUCHI METHODOLOGY

Quality engineering is an interdisciplinary science which is concerned with not only producing satisfactory products for customers but also reducing the total loss. Quality engineering involves engineering design, process operations, after-sales services, economics and statistics. Although the Taguchi Robust Design is the first concept comes to mind when thinking of quality engineering, the definition of this major has been used in different manners in the literature. There are also differences on the definition of the quality which has been made by experts. The aim of this study is to contribute to the literature to avoid deviations on definition of the concept of "Quality Engineering", which has not been defined yet by ISO Standards Institute.

Numan M. Durakbasa, Gökcen Bas, Jorge M. Bauer, Lukas Kräuter
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADVANCED METROLOGY AND INTELLIGENT QUALITY MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGIC APPROACH IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Manufacturing industry faces challenges of global competition dealing with increasing cost of energy and raw material as well as meeting higher customer quality and product technology expectations. In the next decade, the progress of technology will require main aspects of strategies for international acceptance and competitiveness. The modern methods of quality management intelligently integrated with environmental management and energy management will be the main strategy developed and refined in manufacturing organizations where advanced metrology enable to perform industrial and technological developments by practicing high precise measurement tasks and essential measurement know-how within the sophisticated production systems.
This paper proposes a strategic approach to develop an advanced metrology and intelligent quality management applicable in manufacturing industry by firstly modelling, generating and experimenting an inter-university network that accesses, cooperates and operates at distance in the laboratory of two distant research laboratories namely the nanotechnology laboratory AuM-TuWien in Austria and the control laboratory UTN-FRBA in Argentina. The key factors to fulfil the main target are defined and discussed in the application model where the indicators are of compliance to the advanced metrology and intelligent quality management system strategy as a conclusion.

Tatiana Miller, Aneta Letocha, Krzysztof Gajda
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FILTRATION METHODS APPLICATION ON A FILTERED SURFACE PROFILE AND ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS

The measurements were performed on the surfaces made of different materials and typical of diversified character. Glass roughness standards with sinusoidal profile, approximately sinusoidal profile and metallic comparative standards after lathing and grinding were object ofresearch. Analysis was performed including the surface and profile evaluation. Statistical analysis was conducted. Measurement sections and other filter parameters were selected in accordance with standards. Measurements were carried out with stylus tip contact method – using TOPO 01P device designed by The Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, that uses diamond tip inductive sensor. Tip sensor radius is equal to 2 µm. The results of measurements were filtered by: Gaussian filter, Robust Gaussian regression Filter, Spline, Spline Wavelet, Morphological Filter. Gaussian Filter uses linear system based on Fourier wavelengths. Robust Gauss Regression Filter is similar to Gaussian Filter, but it is insensitive on the specified phenomena in input signal. Spline Filter is based on linear polynomial combination. Wavelet Filter decomposes profile on constant shape elements, but on different scales. Morphological Filter operates on the principle of filtered profile plotting using circular disc or horizontal line segment with a specified (respectively) radius or length. Selection of suitable filtration method is essential and one of the most important things to obtain reliable measurement results evaluation. Not all filters are suitable for each type of surface. Filter algorithms differ from each other and this influences in a greater or lesser degree on the roughness profile and hence on roughness parameters and waviness parameters related to it.

Ágota Drégelyi-Kiss, Árpád Czifra, Béla Palásti-Kovács
COMPARISON OF CAPABILITY CALCULATIONS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT PROCESSES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Besides dimensional and shape accuracy, eliability and life cycle of components produced in different wayshighly depend on the quality of the processed surface. There are some automotive industrial parts where it is important to have appropriate surfaces. In these cases it is necessary to examine the measurement process for its suitability, for its capability.
The calculation methods of capability of measurement processes in automotive industry differ from each other. There are three main calculation methods: MSA, VDA 5 and the international standard, ISO 22514-7. During this research our aim was to compare the capability calculation methods in a case-study. Ten automotive parts are chosen to examine the behavior of the manufacturing process and to measure the required characteristics of the measurement process being evaluated. The measurement uncertainty of the measuring process is calculated according to the VDA 5 and ISO 22514-7, and MSA guidelines.
In this study the conformance of a measurement process in an automotive manufacturing process is determined, and it is shown what are the similarities and the differences between the used methods.

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